HTTP 402 Payment Gating

Monetize your API with Bitcoin SV micropayments. You'll set up a payment-gated Express server and build a client that auto-pays for content using HTTP 402 Payment Required.

Time: ~25 minutes Prerequisites: Node.js ≥ 22, basic Express.js, understanding of Bitcoin transactions

What you'll build

A complete end-to-end payment system:

Server: Express middleware that gates endpoints by payment, validates transactions
Client: Auto-paying fetch wrapper that transparently handles 402 responses
Flow: Client requests resource → server responds 402 with payment details → client signs & pays → access granted

By the end, you'll have a production-ready micropayment system that doesn't require user friction.

Prerequisites

Node.js 22+ installed
npm or pnpm
A BRC-100 wallet (server and client)
Basic understanding of Bitcoin transactions and satoshis
A private key for the server identity

Step 1 — Create server and client projects

Set up two separate projects:

bash

# Server
mkdir payment-server && cd payment-server
npm init -y
npm install express body-parser @bsv/sdk @bsv/402-pay @bsv/simple dotenv
npm install -D typescript ts-node @types/express @types/node

# Client (in separate directory)
mkdir ../payment-client && cd ../payment-client
npm init -y
npm install @bsv/402-pay @bsv/sdk dotenv
npm install -D typescript ts-node @types/node

Both need TypeScript config:

json

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2020",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true
  }
}

Step 2 — Set up server wallet and payment middleware

In the server project, create server.ts:

typescript

import express from 'express'
import bodyParser from 'body-parser'
import { createPaymentMiddleware } from '@bsv/402-pay/server'
import { ServerWallet } from '@bsv/simple/server'
import dotenv from 'dotenv'

dotenv.config()

async function setupServer() {
  // 1. Initialize wallet
  const wallet = await ServerWallet.create({
    privateKey: process.env.SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY!,
    network: 'main',
    storageUrl: 'https://store-us-1.bsvb.tech'
  })

  // 2. Create payment middleware
  const paymentMiddleware = createPaymentMiddleware({
    wallet,
    calculatePrice: path => {
      // Dynamic pricing by route
      if (path === '/api/premium') return 1000 // 1000 satoshis
      if (path === '/api/free') return 0 // Free
      return 100 // Default 100 satoshis
    }
  })

  // 3. Build Express app
  const app = express()
  app.use(bodyParser.json())
  app.use(paymentMiddleware)

  // 4. Define routes
  app.get('/api/free', (req, res) => {
    res.json({
      message: 'Free content',
      paid: false
    })
  })

  app.get('/api/premium', (req, res) => {
    res.json({
      message: 'Premium content — paid!',
      paid: true,
      satoshisPaid: req.payment?.satoshisPaid || 0,
      sender: req.payment?.senderIdentityKey
    })
  })

  return app
}

// Start server
async function main() {
  const app = await setupServer()
  const port = process.env.PORT || 3000

  app.listen(port, () => {
    console.log(`Payment server running on http://localhost:${port}`)
    console.log('- GET /api/free: No payment required')
    console.log('- GET /api/premium: Requires 1000 satoshis')
  })
}

main().catch(console.error)

The middleware chain:

Payment middleware checks if payment is required and validates provided payment headers
Route handler receives the request only if payment was accepted or the route is free

Step 3 — Understand the 402 response

When client requests a paid endpoint without payment, the server responds with 402 and payment details.

The payment middleware automatically:

Calculates required satoshis via calculatePrice()
Returns 402 status if unpaid
Includes headers:
- x-bsv-sats: satoshis owed
- x-bsv-server: server identity key used by the client for payment derivation

Step 4 — Set up client wallet and create 402-pay wrapper

In the client project, create client.ts:

typescript

import { create402Fetch } from '@bsv/402-pay/client'
import { WalletClient } from '@bsv/sdk'
import dotenv from 'dotenv'

dotenv.config()

export async function setupPaymentClient() {
  // Initialize wallet for signing payments
  const wallet = new WalletClient()

  // Create a fetch wrapper that auto-handles 402
  const fetch402 = create402Fetch({
    wallet,
    cacheTimeoutMs: 30 * 60 * 1000 // Cache paid content for 30 minutes
  })

  return fetch402
}

create402Fetch() returns a fetch-compatible function that:

Catches 402 responses
Signs a payment transaction
Retries with payment headers
Caches successful responses to avoid re-payment

Step 5 — Make authenticated requests with auto-payment

Create requests.ts in client:

typescript

export async function accessFreeContent(fetch402: any) {
  const response = await fetch402('http://localhost:3000/api/free')
  const data = await response.json()

  console.log('Free content:', data)
  return data
}

export async function accessPremiumContent(fetch402: any) {
  // Automatically handles 402 and pays
  const response = await fetch402('http://localhost:3000/api/premium')
  const data = await response.json()

  console.log('Premium content:', data)
  return data
}

export async function clearPaymentCache(fetch402: any) {
  // Reset cache between sessions
  fetch402.clearCache()
  console.log('Payment cache cleared')
}

When client calls fetch402('/api/premium'):

Sends request (no payment)
Receives 402 with x-bsv-sats: 1000 and x-bsv-server
Generates a fresh nonce and timestamp, then derives the payment address with BRC-29
Creates and signs payment transaction
Retries request with payment headers
Server validates payment
Access granted, response cached

Step 6 — Manual payment construction (advanced)

For custom workflows, construct payment headers manually:

typescript

import { constructPaymentHeaders } from '@bsv/402-pay/client'

export async function manualPayment(
  wallet: any,
  serverUrl: string,
  satoshis: number,
  serverIdentityKey: string
) {
  // Build payment headers manually
  const headers = await constructPaymentHeaders(wallet, serverUrl, satoshis, serverIdentityKey)

  // Use with custom fetch
  const response = await fetch(serverUrl, { headers })
  return response
}

Manual header construction gives you:

x-bsv-beef: Base64-encoded transaction proof
x-bsv-sender: Your identity public key
x-bsv-nonce: Derivation prefix (random 8 bytes)
x-bsv-time: Unix millisecond timestamp
x-bsv-vout: Output index (usually 0)

Putting it all together

Server main.ts:

typescript

import express from 'express'
import bodyParser from 'body-parser'
import { createPaymentMiddleware } from '@bsv/402-pay/server'
import { ServerWallet } from '@bsv/simple/server'

async function main() {
  // Setup wallet
  const wallet = await ServerWallet.create({
    privateKey: process.env.SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY!,
    network: 'main',
    storageUrl: 'https://store-us-1.bsvb.tech'
  })

  // Setup middleware
  const paymentMiddleware = createPaymentMiddleware({
    wallet,
    calculatePrice: path => {
      if (path === '/api/premium') return 1000
      if (path === '/api/free') return 0
      return 100
    }
  })

  // Create app
  const app = express()
  app.use(bodyParser.json())
  app.use(paymentMiddleware)

  // Routes
  app.get('/api/free', (req, res) => {
    res.json({ message: 'Free content', paid: false })
  })

  app.get('/api/premium', (req, res) => {
    res.json({
      message: 'Premium content',
      paid: true,
      satoshisPaid: req.payment?.satoshisPaid || 0
    })
  })

  // Start
  app.listen(3000, () => {
    console.log('Server on http://localhost:3000')
  })
}

main().catch(console.error)

Client main.ts:

typescript

import { create402Fetch } from '@bsv/402-pay/client'
import { WalletClient } from '@bsv/sdk'

async function main() {
  // Setup wallet
  const wallet = new WalletClient()

  // Create auto-paying fetch
  const fetch402 = create402Fetch({
    wallet,
    cacheTimeoutMs: 30 * 60 * 1000
  })

  console.log('Accessing free content...')
  let response = await fetch402('http://localhost:3000/api/free')
  let data = await response.json()
  console.log('Free:', data)

  console.log('\nAccessing premium content (will auto-pay 1000 sats)...')
  response = await fetch402('http://localhost:3000/api/premium')
  data = await response.json()
  console.log('Premium:', data)

  console.log('\nAccessing premium again (cached, no new payment)...')
  response = await fetch402('http://localhost:3000/api/premium')
  data = await response.json()
  console.log('Premium (cached):', data)
}

main().catch(console.error)

Run:

bash

# Terminal 1: Server
cd payment-server
npx ts-node main.ts

# Terminal 2: Client
cd payment-client
npx ts-node main.ts

Troubleshooting

"Auth middleware must run first" → This applies to @bsv/payment-express-middleware, not @bsv/402-pay. The @bsv/402-pay middleware is independent and does not require BRC-31 auth.

"Wallet must implement getPublicKey() and internalizeAction()" → Server wallet must expose an identity key and accept wallet-payment internalization. Use ServerWallet.create() from @bsv/simple/server or another BRC-100 wallet implementation.

"Payment keeps getting requested" → The retried request must include x-bsv-beef, x-bsv-sender, x-bsv-nonce, x-bsv-time, and x-bsv-vout. create402Fetch() adds those automatically.

"Transaction format error" → Client sends the payment transaction as base64 BEEF in x-bsv-beef. Ensure the wallet returned tx from createAction().

"Timestamp must be fresh" → x-bsv-time must be within ~30 seconds of server time. Check system clocks if repeatedly failing

"Cache timeout too long" → If cache timeout is very long, client may use stale payments for different resources. Use moderate timeout (30 min is safe)

"Replay protection" → For @bsv/402-pay, freshness fields bind the proof but the wallet must also avoid newly accepting the same transaction twice. For @bsv/payment-express-middleware, inject a durable atomic transaction-ID replay store in multi-process deployments; its derivation prefix is not a single-use replay database.

HTTP 402 Payment Gating

What you'll build

Prerequisites

Step 1 — Create server and client projects

Step 2 — Set up server wallet and payment middleware

Step 3 — Understand the 402 response

Step 4 — Set up client wallet and create 402-pay wrapper

Step 5 — Make authenticated requests with auto-payment

Step 6 — Manual payment construction (advanced)

Putting it all together

Troubleshooting

What to read next

HTTP 402 Payment Gating

What you'll build

Prerequisites

Step 1 — Create server and client projects

Step 2 — Set up server wallet and payment middleware

Step 3 — Understand the 402 response

Step 4 — Set up client wallet and create 402-pay wrapper

Step 5 — Make authenticated requests with auto-payment

Step 6 — Manual payment construction (advanced)

Putting it all together

Troubleshooting

What to read next